(a) Physiology of flowering, vegetable and flower production. Photoperiod and flowering. Stimulation and delay of flowering. Plant responses to light and dark. Biochemistry of flowering. Vernalization and flower development. Fruit set and growth. Bulb production.
(b)Stress physiology: plant stress due to low or high temperatures, salinity, insufficient or excessive water, low or high atmospheric humidity and atmospheric pollution.
(c)Dormancy
(d)Juvenility