Introduction. Pest management during cultivation.

Chemicals for crop protection. Historical review. Chemistry and classification of the active ingredients of pesticides.

Mode of action of pesticides. The basis of selective toxicity.

Pesticide formulations. Nomenclature, ingredients, formulation types.

Pesticide application. The choice of formulation, application and safety.

Problems in the use of pesticides. Measures to minimise the adverse effects of pesticide application.

Degradation of pesticides. Non-biological and microbial degradation. Pesticide-soil interactions.

Elements of pesticide legislation.